THE ASPHALT JUNGLE (1950) Starring: Sterling Hayden,
Louis Calhern, Jean Hagen, James Whitmore, Sam Jaffe, John McIntire Directed by John Huston. Produced by Arthur
Hornblow Jr. Screenplay: Ben Maddow and John Huston. Based on the novel, The
Asphalt Jungle by W.R. Burnett. Music by Mikos Rozsa. Run Time: 112. Black and
White. USA. Film Noir, Drama, Crime
Next, on my Summer of Darkness survey, is the classic The Asphalt Jungle. This film is both an
example of not only film noir, but also of the caper film. We see in great
details how a crime is planned and committed. While this may not be one of the
first examples of the caper film, it is one of the best.
Unlike a lot
of other film noir, The Asphalt Jungle doesn’t have a real femme fatale, though
Marilyn Monroe, who has a supporting part in the film, is certainly a woman to
die for. Rather than a woman toying with the lives of men, The Asphalt Jungle
concentrates on what happens when the best laid plans go wrong. There is really
no one in the film that you want to root for, after all this is a criminal
enterprise, you do come to know some of the men well enough to at least be
drawn in by them. You might not like them, but you do see how they are all
victim of circumstances, just trying to get along the best they can.
John Huston
once did an intro that is used on the DVD release by Warner Bros. of this MGM
film, wherein he talks about the film as being about vices, whether it’s
betting on horses, drinking, young girls, or the good life. The Asphalt Jungle
(subtitled The City Under The City) is about how vices drive men to do what
they do and how they can be their downfall.
The main
character is a guy named Dix Handley (Sterling Hayden), a country boy in the
big city. He is a petty criminal who uses his ill-gotten gains to bet on the
horses. When the film opens, Dix is picked up in a seedy coffee shop run by Gus Minissi
(James Whitmore) for a stick up and put into a line up which includes William
Doldy (Strother Martin), but the witness, a Night Clerk (Frank Cady) gets intimidated
by Dix and doesn’t identify him even though Dix is the obvious choice.
After the
failure of the lineup, Police Lt. Ditrich (Barry Kelley) is called into see
Police Commissioner Hardy (John McIntire).
Ditrich is a corrupt policeman, whom the Commissioner doesn’t like, but
who he can’t prove as corrupt. Hardy chastises Ditrich for the crime in his
district and for failure to permanently close the gambling houses. Hardy brings
up the fact that under Ditrich’s supervision, a recently paroled gangster
managed to slip the detail tailing him and is running loose in the city. Hardy
gives Ditrich one more chance to make this right.
Meanwhile,
the criminal mastermind Hardy spoke of, Doc Erwin Riedenschneider (Sam Jaffe)
takes a cab to see Cobby (Mark Lawrence), a bookie who runs the betting parlor
that Dix happens to use. Doc has not been idle in prison and is anxious to get
on with his next big plan, a jewel heist. But he needs money and came to Cobby
to introduce him to Alonzo Emmerich (Louis Calhern), a crooked lawyer who is
known in the joint as being willing to help with such ventures. Into the room
bursts Dix, upset that Cobby has cut him off from gambling. And even though
Cobby raises his limit, Dix still feels boned by him, especially in front of
someone else. But Dix does make an impression on Doc.
Back at Gus’s
diner, Dix tries to retrieve the gun he left there, but Gus won’t give it back
to him. Gus has taken a liking to Dix and doesn’t want to see him run out and
rob someone. He offers to help him. Dix needs $2300 to pay off Cobby. While
that is more money than Gus has on hand, he promises to come through for his
pal. Gus calls Louis Ciavelli (Anthony Caruso) for a loan. At first, Louis tells
Gus that he has his own issues, a wife and new baby, but in the end he does say
he’ll help him out.
Back at Dix’s
apartment, Doll Conovan (Jean Hagen) shows up with a suitcase. Doll has lost
her job at the Club Regal, referred to as a clip-joint (strip club) after the
police raided and shut it down. No job means no money for rent and Doll has
been locked out of her apartment. She’s come to see if Dix will put her up for
a few days. While it is obvious they have a past, their relationship is
undefined. Dix offers to let her stay, but warns her not to get any ideas.
At the
riverside house he uses to keep his mistress Angela Phinlay (Marilyn Monroe), Emmerich
listens to Doc lay out his plan about robbing Belletiers jewelry store. Doc
tells him he needs the $50,000 to pay for three men he’ll need to do the job: A
safecracker (referred to here as a boxman), a getaway driver and a hooligan.
The reason for the hooligan (and that word is used over and over again in the
movie) is because “they are unfortunately necessary”. Instead of cutting them
in for a share of the proceeds, Doc wants to pay them for their services:
$25,000 for the safecracker, $10,000 for the getaway driver and $15,000 for the
hooligan. The next issue they discuss is how to fence the jewelry and Emmerich
himself offers to do that, telling Cobby and Doc that he knows a lot of
important people who would be willing to help with something like this.
Emmerich not
only promises to help, but tells Doc that Cobby will see to it that he has a
place to stay, money for living expenses and phone numbers for female company.
It is apparently well known that Doc likes the young girls. Doc even tells Emmerich
that he plans to go to Mexico after the heist. “Mexican
girls are very pretty. I'll have nothing to do all day long but chase them in
the sunshine.”
After his
meeting, Emmerich goes into another room to find Angela lying on the couch.
This was a star-making role for a young Monroe. She calls him Uncle Lon, as if
she is his niece, a 50’s euphemism for mistress. Angela is obviously
attractive, but she is also rather simple. After she tells Emmerich that she’s
ordered in his favorite breakfast food, salted mackerel, she goes off to her
private bedroom. This is the 50’s and there was a production code after all.
When he’s
alone, Emmerich calls a private detective, Robert Brannom (Brad Dexter) who he
wants to collect about $100,000 that is owed him by his debtors and former
clients. Emmerich doesn’t want to know how Brannom gets the money; he only
wants to see results.
The next
morning, Dix wakes up on his sofa to find Doll has made him coffee. She has
spent the night in his bed alone. She has over heard Dix talk in his sleep
about the “Corncracker”, which Dix tells her was a tall black colt. In his
dream, Dix manages to make his father and grandfather proud with this riding
prowess. He confesses in real like the colt bucked him off right away leading
his father to remark “Maybe that'll teach ya not to
brag about how good you are on a horse.” Dix’s real dream is to return home to
Kentucky and buy back the homestead the family had to sell after his father
died.
Doc
is at Cobby’s when Dix comes to pay off his debt. Cobby tries to warn Dix about
betting indiscriminately and even offers to cut him next time there’s a fix in.
Doc is impressed by Dix’s reputation as a hooligan, but Cobby tries to dissuade
him telling Doc that Dix is strictly a small time hood.
Doc
tells Cobby that the woman he dated last night told him that Emmerich is broke,
but Cobby doesn’t believe him. After all Emmerich has two houses and six
servants. While Doc is still there, Ditrich comes by and when he sees Doc, the
man the commissioner told him to be on the lookout for, he backs away. Cobby
follows Ditrich to the door. Ditrich tells him that there is pressure on him
and that he needs to raid the betting parlor and put Cobby in jail. But Cobby
bribes him and agrees to shut down for a couple of days.
Emmerich
is visited by his PI Brannom who tells him that none of his debtors came
through. Emmerich admits to Brannom that he’s broke and needs to get out from
under his own debt. He also tells Brannom that his plan is to double cross the
robbers and take the jewels and leave the country. But he’s still short the
$50,000 to put his plan into action. Brannom asks for a 50/50 split with Emmerich
for the suggestion that Emmerich get Cobby to put up the money. He tells him
that Cobby wants to be a big shot and will do it.
With
Cobby already agreeing to act as paymaster for the operation, Doc interviews
Louis, the same man Gus called for a loan. Louis is an experienced box man and
agrees to take $25,000. Both Louis and Cobby recommend Gus for the getaway
driver. To round out his crew, Doc picks Dix to be the hooligan.
In
a rather quick scene, the assembled gang listens to Doc as he maps out the timing
of each step in the heist.
That
evening at 11:30, the plan goes smoothly. Louis climbs down a manhole, walks
along a tunnel to the designated spot where he tunnels through the wall into the
Belletier’s. He next climbs up the basement stairs to the street, deactivates
the alarm and opens the door for Dix and Doc. They next go to the main safe,
which is protected by an electric eye. After sliding on his back under the eye,
Louis then picks the lock on the gate and drills holes in the safe door. Using
his own nitroglycerin “soup”, Louis manages to blow the door off.
From
this point on things start to go wrong. The force of the blast has set off
alarms in the surrounding businesses and police are starting to show up on the
scene. But the burglars finish the heist and Doc puts all the jewelry in a
suitcase. The crew jumps the first policeman through the door, with Dix
knocking him out. But when the cop drops his gun, it goes off and the bullet hits
Louis in the stomach. When they get him out to Gus, Louis refuses to go to the
doctor, and insists on being taken home.
Doc
and Dix go to the rendezvous with Emmerich and are not too pleased to find Brannom
there. They are also not happy when Emmerich tells him it will take longer to
raise the money than he thought. They refuse to let him hold on to the jewelry
in the meantime. But Brannom won’t let them leave, pulling his gun on the pair.
But when Doc throws him the suitcase, Dix manages to pull his gun and kill
Brannom. However, Brannom did manage to nick Dix with a bullet in his side.
While
Dix wants to kill Emmerich, Doc prevails. He tells Emmerich to approach the
insurance company about buying the jewels back at 25% of their value. Emmerich
agrees to do it.
At
Louis’ apartment, Gus tries to convince Louis’ wife Maria (Teresa Celli) that
the doctor will be there soon and that Louis will be all-right.
Emmerich,
meanwhile, disposes of Brannom’s body in the river. Dix and Doc take refuge
with one of Cobby’s friends at Donato’s grocery store. There Doc gets a call
that the insurance company agreed to pay for the jewels and they just have to
wait through the weekend.
With
publicity about the heist and a reward offered, the taxi cab driver who took
Doc to Cobby’s comes forward. Ditrich is then dispatched to Cobby’s with a
search warrant. Through strong arm techniques Ditrich gets Cobby to cooperate
and fink. The police then start to pick up the crew, arresting Gus and then
going after Louis. But they are too late and the box man has already died of
his wounds.
Next
the police, with the commissioner in tow, descend on Emmerich and Angela. While
she had once provided Emmerich with an alibi for the night of the crime, Emmerich
tells her to recant her story and tell the truth, which she does. When Emmerich
goes to call his wife, he sits down and instead starts to write her a note, but
he tears it up before he finishes it. And before the policeman standing guard
can stop him, Emmerich kills himself with a gunshot to the head.
Doc
and Dix leave Donato’s but run into a policeman who recognizes Doc. When he
asks to look into his briefcase, Dix knocks him out and the two escape, though
Doc has gotten a slight head wound. The two go to Doll, who is
apartment-sitting for a friend. She puts the two of them up and they nurse Doc
back to health. Doc plans to take a cab to the edge of town and then pay them
to take him to Cleveland, but before he leaves, he borrows $1000 from Dix. It
is only after Doc leaves, that Dix’s wound starts to bleed again.
Doc
catches a cab and finds the driver is a fellow German, named Franz Schurz
(Henry Rowland) who agrees to take him to Cleveland for a $50 tip.
Meanwhile,
Doll buys a car for Dix, who even though he’s bleeding, plans to go back to
Kentucky. He relents and lets Doll go with him.
Franz
and Doc stop for food at a diner on the edge of town. And even though Franz is
eager to get going, Doc is infatuated with a young girl, Jenny (Helene Stanley),
who is there with two boys. Doc can’t resist watching her dance one more time,
even putting up the money for the jukebox. It is while he is watching Jenny
that police arrive and see him through the diner’s window. Once he steps
outside, he is arrested.
Dix
and Doll keep driving, but Dix is weak from loss of blood and collapses at a
train crossing. Doll takes him to Dr. Swanson (John Maxwell), but Dix regains
consciousness and overhears the doctor on the phone to police about a gunshot
victim. Gathering up all his strength, Dix races out and he and Doll drive
away.
Surrounded
by reporters, the police commissioner gets a little preachy about how there are
more good cops than bad and that people need the police when they’re in
trouble. He tells the assembled reporters that everyone is in custody, with the
exception of Dix.
In
the final scene, Dix makes it to his boyhood home, where, with Doll trailing
after him, he falls to the ground and dies surrounded by the horses he loved.
Many
past reviewers have commented about the film’s naturalistic style, but this not
a documentary on crime nor is it presented as such. Nothing shows desperation
better than black and white photography. The lines between right and wrong are
all gray here. None of the main characters are hero material, but we find
ourselves caring about Dix nonetheless. Dix is a prototype of what became to be
known as the anti-hero. Actors like Al Pacino made their careers playing them.
Sterling
Hayden, perhaps better known as Brigadier General Jack Ripper in Dr.
Strangelove (1964), gives a lot of depth to Dix. He is not really such a
hooligan, but more of a fish out of water. He robs so he can bet on the horses,
but it’s really the horses themselves that he longs for, not the money. Hayden
would also appear in another film noir caper movie, Stanley Kubrick’s The
Killing (1956). While he said he didn’t like acting, Hayden did appear in dozens
of films throughout his 40-year career, including Johnny Guitar (1954),
Suddenly (1954), Crime of Passion (1957), The Godfather (1972), 1900 (1976) and
Nine to Five (1980).
Louis
Calhern also puts in a great performance as Alonzo Emmerich, the seeming
successful lawyer who has more than just a slimy side. He is dirty, but he has
no honor. His plan is to rip off the burglars and live on the jewels they
steal. He cheats on his wife and he asks his mistress to lie for him. There is
little to like about Emmerich, but still we want to see what he’ll say or do
next. Calhern’s Emmerich is a far cry from his performance as Trentino in the
Marx Brothers’ Duck Soup (1933) and it shows the range this actor had.
And
the last actor I wanted to mention is Sam Jaffe as Doc Riedenschneider is what
holds the film together. It is his master plan that the criminals are trying to
carry out. He is an older man here, who letches after younger girls, even to
the point of his own capture. Still, the audience is willing to watch him watch
young Jenny’s moneymaker, even as the police slowly tighten the noose around
him. Jaffe’s 50-year film career spanned from 1934’s The Scarlett Empress to
1984’s Rio Abajo. In between Jaffe would appear in such classics as Gunga Din
(1939), Gentlemen’s Agreement (1947) and The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951).
Blacklisted in the 1950’s for being a Communist sympathizer, Jaffe would also
appear in Ben-Hur (1959) and TV’s Ben Casey series which ran from 1961 to 1965.
But
even with a great cast, a film needs great direction as well. John Huston
certainly came through here again as well. Huston has been discussed on this
blog in the review about The Maltese Falcon (1941), but he deserves note here again.
Huston presents a dark world where no one is really ever on top and never for
very long. Almost everyone has a weakness or a vice that leads to their downfall.
Huston manages to tell a story with a lot of characters which still manages to
let you see who they all are. And while you don’t get to know them really well,
you know them well enough to understand their motivations, even if they aren’t
always law abiding men.
If
film noir shines a light on the darker side of man’s endeavors, then The
Asphalt Jungle is certainly one of the better film noirs ever made.